Definition of Greenbacks

Greenbacks were the bills printed as paper currency by the United States government during the Civil War. They were given that name, of course, because the bills were printed with green ink. The printing of money by the government was seen as a wartime necessity prompted by the great costs of the conflict and it was a controversial choice. The objection to paper money was that it wasnt backed by precious metals, but rather by confidence in the issuing institution i.e. the federal government. (One version of origin of the name greenbacks is that people said the money was only backed by the green ink on the papers backs.) The first greenbacks were printed in 1862, after the passage of the Legal Tender Act, which President Abraham Lincoln signed into law on February 26, 1862. The law authorized the printing of $150 million in paper currency. A second Legal Tender Act, passed in 1863, authorized the issuing of another $300 million in greenbacks. The Civil War Prompted the Need for Money The outbreak of the Civil War created a massive financial crisis. The Lincoln administration began recruiting soldiers in 1861, and all the many thousands of troops had to be paid and equipped with weapons—everything from bullets to cannon to ironclad warships had to be built in northern factories. As most Americans did not expect the war to last very long, there didnt seem to be a pressing need to take drastic action. In 1861, Salmon Chase, the secretary of the treasury in Lincolns administration, issued bonds to pay for the war effort. But when a quick victory began to seem unlikely, other steps needed to be taken. In August 1861, after the Union defeat at the Battle of Bull Run and other disappointing engagements, Chase met with New York bankers and proposing issuing bonds to raise money. That still didnt solve the problem, and by the end of 1861 something drastic needed to be done. The idea of the federal government issuing paper money met with hard resistance. Some people feared, with good reason, that it would create a financial calamity. But after considerable debate, the Legal Tender Act made it through congress and became law. The Early Greenbacks Appeared in 1862 The new paper money, printed in 1862, was (to the surprise of many) not met with widespread disapproval. On the contrary, the new bills were seen as being more reliable than the previous paper money in circulation, which had typically been issued by local banks. Historians have noted that the acceptance of the greenbacks signaled a change in thinking. Instead of the value of money being linked to the financial health of individual banks, it was now linked to the concept of faith in the nation itself. So in a sense, having a common currency was something of a patriotic boost during the Civil War. The new one-dollar bill featured an engraving of the secretary of the treasury, Salmon Chase. An engraving of Alexander Hamilton appeared on denominations of two, five, and 50 dollars. President Abraham Lincolns image appeared on the ten-dollar bill. The use of green ink was dictated by practical considerations. It was believed that a dark green ink was less likely to fade and the green ink was supposedly harder to counterfeit. The Confederate Government Also Issued Paper Money The Confederate States of America, the government of the slave states which had seceded from the Union, also had severe financial problems. The Confederate government also began issuing paper money as well. Confederate money is often regarded as having been worthless because, after all, it was the money of the losing side in the war. The Confederate currency was further devalued because it was easy to counterfeit, however. As was typical during the Civil War, skilled workers and advanced machines tended to be in the North, and that was true of the engravers and high-quality printing presses needed to print currency. As the bills printed in the South tended to be of low quality, it was easier to make facsimiles of them. One Philadelphia printer and shopkeeper, Samuel Upham, produced a huge amount of fake Confederate bills, which he sold as novelties. Uphams fakes, indistinguishable from the genuine bills, were often purchased to be used on the cotton market, and thus found their way into circulation in the South. Greenbacks Were Successful Despite reservations about issuing them, the federal greenbacks were accepted. They became standard currency, and were even preferred in the South. The greenbacks solved the problem of financing the war and a new system of national banks also brought some stability to the nations finances. However, a controversy arose in the years following the Civil War as the federal government had promised to eventually convert the greenbacks into gold. In the 1870s a political party, the Greenback Party, formed around the campaign issue of keeping greenbacks in circulation. The feeling among some Americans, primarily farmers in the west, was that greenbacks provided a better financial system. On January 2, 1879 the government was to begin converting greenbacks, but few citizens showed up at institutions where they could redeem paper money for gold coins. Over time the paper currency had become, in the public mind, as good as gold. Incidentally, the money remained green into the 20th century partly for practical reasons. Green ink was widely available, stable, and not prone to fading but green bills seemed to mean stability to the public, so American paper money has remained green to this day.

Gender, Language, And Interpreting - 1581 Words

Gender, Language, and Interpreting A sociolinguist study states that communication works on several levels. Messages carry contextualization cues, such as pitch, intonation, and rhythm. Not to mention how word choice and ways of phasing information may affect the message (Tannen, 2005). In using discourse analysis, it has been shown that interpreters are participants within interactions. Interpreters are not invisible and are thus known to contribute to the interaction as communication cooperators (Metzger, 1999). In the light of the gender aspect of language this cooperation seems even more complicated when cross-gender interpreter/client situations are taken into account. Even in signed language interpreting, where the gender issue is more noticeable because of the mismatch of female/male voice for a male/female client (and therefore the increases the visibility of the interpreter), literature is sparse. Most of the existing texts on the topic are personal reports with a theoretical foundation (Furby, 2007; MacDougall, 2007; Melton, 2007; Morgan, 2008; Wright, 2007). Furby (2007), a female interpreter, recalls a situation in a male IT environment in which the hearing team members were participating more in conversation amongst themselves than with the Deaf client. She concludes that it may be because they were communicating to him through a female interpreter. â€Å"My very presence had altered the dynamics and changed the group from one that was all male to one thatShow MoreRelatedCommunication Styles Between Males And Females1506 Words   |  7 PagesIn the process of going through an American Sign Language (ASL) interpreter training program, one cannot help but notice a substantial gender gap. For every fifteen females, there are (perhaps) one or two males. Research has suggested that females make up around 85% of the ASL interpreting field (RID, 2014). 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All of the authors are writing about corresponding ideas and discussing their identical goals; the prevalence of gender inequality in the legal profession and the unjust consequences derived from it. Similarly, all five sources intentions are to oppose the standard viewpoint that gender inequality has diminished and provide evidence to support this claim. Their idea s of remedying gender inequality in the legalRead MoreThose Kind Of Discriminations Are What Taylor Callsstrong Evaluation1727 Words   |  7 Pageshigher/lower, or any other categories means to identify â€Å"what it is we really are about, what is really important to us† (Ibid, p.68). In sum, Taylor (Ibid) argues that human beings are self-interpreting animals that sense the things essentially through the imports emotions that would be articulated by his or her language and vocabularies. 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Terrorists Attacks 26/11 and 9/11 free essay sample

The widespread use of the very term 26/11 set the Mumbai terrorist attack apart in the public consciousness with its clear reference to the 9/11 terminology of the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York and Washington. It is a terminology with which Indian has a love-hate relationship. On the one hand, it suggests that India’s misfortune can only evoke international sympathy and status if they are in some way positioned as satellites of America’s darkest hour of the new century. On the other hand, it has helped imprint in our minds a shorthand reference for the outrage, anger and despair both attacks evoked. Both were similar in their ability to shake people to their core. Many Indians while sympathising with the United States after 9/11, pointed out the 6,000 feared dead in the WTC wasn’t a big number compared with 50,000 killed over a decade in Kashmir. The US was getting a small dose of Islamic terrorism that had long devastated Kashmir. We will write a custom essay sample on Terrorists Attacks: 26/11 and 9/11 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The US never equated Kashmiri terrorism with war and always told India to be calm and not bomb terrorist training camps in Pakistan. But when the US itself got a taste of this at home, it went ballistic, declared it was at war with terrorism and vowed to attack and kill all the perpetrators. Many have also resented that the terrorist groups out of Pakistan with the blessing of the ISI are basically funded by the United States aid to Pakistan, though not directly and says that the 26/11 attack was another tragic outcome to the US government’s reaction. 9/11 in part remains so resonant in the US, precisely because of its uniqueness- unique because there had not been a similar incident before or has not been one since. Before 9/11 the US suffered terrorist attacks on embassies and other installations abroad. But 9/11 was the first terrorist attack on US soil, and exploded US illusions of impregnability. Americans called it another Pearl Harbour and the analogy marked a determination to respond militarily. Unfortunately for India, we can’t say the same. Nor do we have the standard to mount military operations as the US Navy Seals did to kill Osama and bring some closure to 9/11. The US has managed to protect itself and retaliate since; but we have not, as the July 13 blasts in Mumbai market reminds us. Across India, questions are being raised on security measures with several pointing at local police for not being vigilant. But 26/11 panel me3mber, V. Balachandran said that, ‘police alone cannot fight the war against terror. ’ (CNN-IBN, September 11, 2011. ) Terror attacks are not just about how many people were killed but also about the fear and the outcry they evoke. 9/11 and 26/11 still stands apart- because both attacks were televised live and the whole world saw them unfold. They have memories in a way that is not easily forgettable. After the terrorist attack of 26/11, the mood and rhetoric in India are reminiscent of the US after 9/11. The phrase, ‘war on terror’ invented in the US after 9/11, is now being used widely in India. The third anniversary of the heinous 26/11 assault on Mumbai, which coincides with the 10th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks and the attack on Parliament is a stark reminder that despite efforts at the national, regional and international level, the spectre of terrorism continues to haunt India. Ultimately, we need to change the mind-set of the terrorists, and that may take decades.

sexist stereotypes in 100 years of solitude Essay Example

sexist stereotypes in 100 years of solitude Essay Defying Roles of Sexist Stereotypes The book 100 Years of Solitude by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is centered around an eclectic family living in the solitude of Macondo for seven generations. As the members of the Buendia family live their lives, they find themselves in a repeating cycle of sins committed by the original Buendias. Out of everything the family does to escape their troubles, nothing seems to work. In and around the family there are only few individuals who keep them from completely spiraling out of control and they ll happen to be women. Within the book, Marquez tends to put women in the stereotypical female societal roles. The characters, however, defy their roles and become the few people to hold the family together. Three important women in 100 Years of Solitude are Ursula Buendia: the housewife, Pilar Ternera: the mysterious whore, and Remedios the Beauty: the crazy yet beautiful woman. Although they are labeled with sexist stereotypes, they become some of the strongest and most beneficial characters to saving the Buendia family from their original sins. Ursula Buendia, although one of the original Buendias, is the strongest and most powerful woman in the book. She committed the original sin of incest with her husband/cousin Jose Arcadio Buendia, but it was provoked by him and not her. Ursula resisted having sex with Jose Arcadio Buendia because she did not want her child to have a pigs tail as a result and even wore metal underwear, but soon into the marriage, she was forced into it because other men bullied JAB. We will write a custom essay sample on sexist stereotypes in 100 years of solitude specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on sexist stereotypes in 100 years of solitude specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on sexist stereotypes in 100 years of solitude specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Thereafter, JAB committed the second original sin of violence by killing Prudencio, and then together im and Ursula moved in to solitude. Although Ursula technically committed the original sins, she resisted the actions the whole time, knowing the consequences would be dire. JAB was the main mastermind behind them, beginning the endless cycle and setting the tone for the rest of the book. From then on, it seemed that the men of the Buendia family made the trouble and the women cleaned up after them, Theyre all alike, Ursula lamented. At first they behave very well, theyre obedient and prompt and they dont seem capable of killing a fly. But as soon as their beards ppear they go to ruin. (Marquez 152) Ursula is alive for over half of the book, which equals to about 100 years old. Throughout her life she is a mother, a grandmother, a great grandmother and so on, all the while playing the role of a housewife to the growing Buendia family. Even after Ursula goes blind she is still able t o keep everyone in check as best as she can without help from anyone, especially the boys. Right from the beginning, JAB began distancing himself from the family while searching for knowledge with elaborate items and ideas, leaving Ursula all on her wn to raise three children who of course commit the original sins despite her parenting. In the end, even though Ursula did not completely save the family from their sins, she turned her housewife role into a powerful position taking over the role of the man of the family as well while keeping the family from ruins. Pilar Ternera is another strong female character in the book placed in a sexist stereotypical role. Besides Pilar herself, her name also resembles the word pillar which is an object designed to hold up a building, Just as she held up the Buendia eing able to read fortunes, she had sex with many men and was the head of a brothel at one point. The fact that Pilar could seduce many men and have sex with almost whoever she wanted shows that she had a lot of power over men because she could control them, which is ironic because of the role she is placed in. Pilar used her sexuality to sleep with Jose Arcadio and his brother Colonel Aureliano Buendia which at first may not seem great, but it brought new blood into the Buedia family which is good because it was not incest. This is not the power though, that Pilar enerally used throughout the book to save the Buendia family. She used no sex or magical powers and instead changed peoples fate by changing the their situation and also going to many bounds to keep the family and herself away from the sins. One good change that she made by altering the situation was when her son Arcadio, who did not know he was her son, tried to sleep with her. She instead told him to meet her later and paid a girl, Santa Sofia de la Piedad, to sleep with him, Pilar Ternera had paid her fifty pesos, half of her life savings, to do what she did. (Marquez 112) She paid the other half of her life savings to Santa Sofias parents, leaving her with no money left at all, but saving her son and the Buenda family from another act of incest and sin. Arcadio and Santa Sofia ended up having three children together of non-incest blood: Remedios the Beauty, Aureliano Segundo, and Jose Arcadio Segundo. Pilar Ternera, placed in the role of a whore, which is usually seen as below other people, rose above that and saved the Buendia family from multiple sin-committing situations that helped them to continue on living. Remedios the Beauty, although crazy, is the third most influential woman in 100 Years of Solitude. She was extraordinarily beautiful yet seemed to be crazy or mentally challenged to the other characters in the book. She seemed to have no interest in hygiene or appearance, walking around the house naked and drawing animals on the wall in her own fecal matter. By the time she was twenty she did not even know how to read or write, but that was not the point of her character. What makes Remedios the Beauty so important to the book is how she defied her role of eauty and stupidity by being the only person in the story who did not seem to care or be affected the crazy things that happen to the Buendia family and the town of Macondo. She was the only actually sane person in the story because she was unaffected by the sins and eventually floated up into the sky because she was too normal for the Buendia family and did not fit in. Building on her role of being beautiful, like Pilar, she holds a power over men. Remedios does not under stand her beauty but, The more she did away with fashion in a search for comfort and the ore she passed over the conventions as she obeyed spontaneity, the more disturbing her incredible beauty became and the more provocative she became to men. (Marquez 230) Men would fall to their deaths when they looked upon her beauty even though she had a shaved head and wore a sheet around her body. It showed that even without trying or being aware, Remedios the Beauty could defy her stereotypical role because really they do not exist and you cannot place people into sexist societal roles. When viewing the book as a whole, you can see that Marquez uses Ursula, Pilar, nd Remedios the Beauty to ulti mately show how women cannot be put into sexist above men, who in 100 Years of Solitude seem to be the problem. Even though the Buendia family could not be saved in the end, these three powerful women broke out of their roles and did the best they could to protect the family as long as they could. In the seventh and final generation without these three women to protect them, the last child, Aureliano, was born with a pigtail. Without Ursula, Pilar, and Remedios the Beauty in their stereotypical roles, the Buendia family would not have had as long a lineage as they did.