Bill Gates Essay Research Paper BirdBill GatesType free essay sample

Bill Gates Essay, Research Paper Bird Bill Gates Type ALT+F+X to go out Edit What # 8217 ; s New for the Windows 98 Startup Disk? The Startup Disk has changed significantly for Windows 98. The following points are new for Windows 98. MULTI-CONFIG START MENU REAL-MODE CD-ROM Drivers EBD.CAB File RAMDRIVE Windows 98 STARTUP PROBLEMS Exploitation THE TOOLS AVAILABLE ON THE STARTUP DISK MULTI-CONFIG START MENU ======================= If you boot your computing machine utilizing the new Windows 98 Startup Disk, a boot bill of fare appears leting you the option to burden drivers for the most common Cd-rom thrusts or execute a normal clean boot. After you make your choice, the Config.sys file loads the appropriate CD-ROM driver ( if selected ) and so loads a 2MB RAMDrive. The RAMDrive is used to hive away all the diagnostic tools necessary to trouble-shoot the most common jobs. Note: The RAMdrive may do your CD-Rom to force back 1 thrust missive. We will write a custom essay sample on Bill Gates Essay Research Paper BirdBill GatesType or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If your CD-Rom is normally drive D: , it will now be Drive Tocopherol: . REAL-MODE CD-ROM SUPPORT ======================== The Windows 98 Statup Disk includes generic ATAPI IDE A ; SCSI CD-ROM drivers that let your CD-ROM to map at Dos when the Windows 98 GUI is non available. Note: Not all CD-Rom thrusts are supported. If your CD-Rom thrust does non map with these drivers, you must utilize the drivers that came with your CD-Rom thrust. EBD.CAB FILE ============ The Ebd.cab file is a tight file whose contents are extracted to the Ramdrive during the startup procedure. The tabular array below identifies the files in the Ebd.cab file. File Function Attrib.exe Add or take file properties Chkdsk.exe A simpler and smaller disc position tool Debug.exe Debugging public-service corporation Edit.com Real-mode exigency text editor Ext.exe New, simple file extract public-service corporation Format.com Disk format tool Mscdex.exe Microsoft CD-ROM file extension for MS-DOS Scandisk.exe Disk position tool Scandisk.ini Disk position tool constellation file Sys.com Transfers system files and do disc bootable Uninstal.exe A tool to take Windows 98 from the system and return the system to its old province CREATING A RAMDRIVE =================== The RAMDrive is created during the processing of the Config.sys file and is 2MB in size. The Ramdrive is created utilizing system RAM to emulate a physical Difficult Disk. Without making the RAMdrive, we would non hold adequate infinite on a individual 1.44 million floppy disc to incorporate all the diagnostic tools every bit good as the CD-Rom drivers. Warning: Since the RAMDrive is created during the processing of the Config.sys file and uses System RAM, it is merely impermanent. It will vanish if you restart your computing machine usually. List OF ALL COMPONENTS ON THE EBD ================================= The following tabular array describes the map of each file copied to the EBD. File Function Aspi2dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi4dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi8dos.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspi8u2.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Aspicd.sys Real-Mode Adaptec CD-ROM driver Autoexec.bat Startup batch file Btcdrom.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Btdosm.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Command.com Command translator Config.sys Loads the device drivers Drvspace.bin Microsoft DriveSpace compaction driver Ebd.cab Cab file incorporating extract public-service corporations Ebd.sys File placing the ESD Extract.exe File to spread out the Ebd.cab file Fdisk.exe Disk divider tool Findramd.exe Utility to happen the RAMDrive during startup Flashpt.sys Mylex/BusLogic CD-ROM driver Himem.sys XMS Memory Manager Io.sys System boot file Msdos.sys Boot option information ( waies, multiboot, and so on ) Oakcdrom.sys Generic device driver for ATAPI CD-ROM thrusts Ramdrive.sys Creates a Ramdrive during startup Setramd.bat Searches for first available thrust to be a Ramdrive WINDOWS 98 STARTUP PROBLEMS =========================== This subdivision includes some common troubleshooting stairss that can be used when it # 8217 ; s necessary to utilize the Windows 98 Startup Disk. These stairss are designed to acquire the user at least into Safe-Mode where you have entree to Windows 98 extended HELP system to farther troubleshoot any issues. Get downing Your Computer in Safe Mode # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; There are several grounds why Windows 98 may neglect to get down decently. The first measure in trouble-shooting is to seek get downing your computing machine in Safe Mode. If Safe Mode plants, you can so utilize the extended Aid system and trouble shooters located in the Start menu/Help option. ***To get down your computing machine in Safe Manner: 1. Remove the Startup Disk and re-start your computing machine. After the computing machine restarts but before Windows Begins to burden, hold down the CTRL key until the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup Menu appears. ( If you are running Windows 95, imperativeness the F8 key at the # 8220 ; Get downing Windows 95 # 8243 ; motivate. ) 2. From the Startup bill of fare, choice Safe Mode. If you can get down your computing machine in Safe Mode, usage Windows 98 Aid to decide your original issue. Setup Fails and the Computer Will Not Get down # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; There are a few common grounds why Windows 98 Apparatus may neglect to finish successfully. The following subdivision explains what you can make to retrieve from these state of affairss. For more information on other Setup jobs, see the Setup.txt file in the Win98 booklet of your Windows 98 Cadmium or Setup Disk # 1. If you encounter any of these mistakes messages while running Apparatus: * Invalid System Disk * Incorrect MS-DOS Version * Missing or Corrupted Command.com * Compression Driver mistakes It is likely that your computing machine # 8217 ; s startup thrust may demand updated system files. You can utilize the SYS bid to copy the needful files to your computing machine. Note: If you are presently lading compaction package, you will necessitate to cognize your host thrust missive. This is typically H. If you are non lading any compaction package, so you will necessitate to SYS your C thrust. ***To use the SYS bid to copy system files to your computing machine: 1. Restart your computing machine utilizing the Windows 98 Startup Disk, choice option 2 on the Startup bill of fare, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. At the Angstrom: prompt, type: SYS Ten: ( where X is your Host or Startup thrust ) . 3. If the process is successful, a # 8220 ; System transferred # 8221 ; message appears. If it is non successful, look into to be sure you are typing the right thrust missive for your Host Drive. IMPORTANT: If you have installed package that came with your difficult thrust, be certain to read the certification that depict how to get down your computing machine utilizing a floppy disc. Antivirus Software # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If antivirus plans are left running during Setup, they may forestall Setup from decently updating the system files. If this occurs, disable or uninstall the antivirus plan, and so run Setup once more. Note: Some computing machines have constitutional antivirus package. This constitutional package should besides be disabled before running Setup. If the package is left enabled, you may have a warning message informing you that the Master Boot Record has changed. If you see such a message, you MUST accept these alterations or Apparatus may halt responding. Setup Stops Responding During Hardware Detection # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If Setup stops reacting while it is observing the hardware in your computing machine, turn your computing machine off and delay a few seconds, so turn it back on. You may necessitate to make this several times, because Setup could halt reacting during several different detectio n faculties. Note: Use the power switch to turn your computing machine wholly away. Do non utilize the reset button or imperativeness CTRL+ALT+DELETE to re-start your computing machine. If Setup still fails to finish successfully, it may be necessary to get down your computing machine in Safe Mode so that you can see the Help subjects associated with hardware sensing. Compressed Drives Not Mounted # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; There are several grounds why compressed thrusts may non be accessible. If your Windows directory is on a compressed thrust that is non mounted, you will non be able to get down Windows. If you suspect jobs with your compressed thrusts, seek utilizing Scandisk to repair them. From the Angstrom: prompt, type: Scandisk /Mount Ten: where Ten is the drive missive of the tight thrust. ScanDisk will so try to mend any mistakes and mount the thrust. If there is non adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts, see # 8220 ; Installing Windows 98 from MS-DOS, # 8221 ; in the Setup.txt file on Setup Disk 1 or the Windows 98 Cadmium. USING THE TOOLS AVAILABLE ON THE STARTUP DISK ============================================= This subdivision decribes how to utilize some of the public-service corporations included with the Windows 98 Startup Disk. To run each plan you should make the followers: 1. Put the Windows 98 Startup Disk in the floppy disc thrust, and so re-start your computing machine. 2. At the Startup bill of fare, choice option 1 or 2 ( depending upon whether you need CD-ROM entree ) , and so imperativeness ENTER. 3. At the MS-DOS bid prompt ( A: ) , type the name of the public-service corporation you wish to run, and so imperativeness ENTER. SCANDISK.EXE and CHKDSK.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; These two plans are utile for look intoing your hard disc for mistakes. If you suspect there may be file corruptness or other jobs with your difficult disc ( s ) , run ScanDisk to look into for and repair mistakes. To look into all your difficult discs for mistakes, type: Scandisk /all To execute a full surface scan of your difficult disc ( s ) for maximal protection against informations loss, type: Scandisk /all /Surface Note: You may have mistakes about Long File Names. The MS-DOS version of ScanDisk can merely observe jobs with long file names, it can non repair them. To rectify these types of mistakes, you must run ScanDisk from within Windows 98. Note: If you have any tight thrusts, you may have an mistake message saying that there is non adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts. To work out this job, seek get downing your computing machine with the Windows 98 Startup Disk, as described in Step 1, earlier in this subdivision. Select option 2. This may let ScanDisk adequate memory to look into your tight thrusts. If ScanDisk is unable to look into your thrusts, seek utilizing CHKDSK.EXE alternatively. CHKDSK will look into for cross-linked files and lost allotment units. SYS.COM ======= The SYS bid is used to copy system files from one disc to another. Your computing machine needs these system files to get down. ***To SYS your C thrust, type: SYS C: and so imperativeness ENTER. After a few seconds, a # 8220 ; System Transferred # 8221 ; message appears. The undermentioned files are copied to your difficult disc during the SYS process: * IO.SYS * MSDOS.SYS * COMMAND.COM If the SYS C: bid does non work and you have a tight thrust, you may necessitate to type the thrust missive of your host thrust. With the DblSpace or DrvSpace plans, the host thrust is typically designated thrust H. If you are non certain of the thrust missive, run ScanDisk and see if it prompts you about your tight thrust. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; FDISK and FORMAT are public-service corporations necessary for put ining a new difficult disc in your computing machine or for get downing over fresh with a clean disc. FDISK is used foremost to make a divider and so FORMAT is used to do the divider available for usage. Warning: Exploitation FDISK falsely can destruct all informations on your difficult disc. If you are diffident of how to utilize FDISK, consult your computing machine certification. You can utilize the Windows 98 version of FDISK to make FAT32 dividers on thrusts over 512 Ms in size. FAT32 reduces the bunch size for big thrusts and allows you to make individual dividers on thrusts over 2 GB. To see your current thrust position, type FDISK /STATUS at the MS-DOS bid prompt. After you have partitioned a thrust utilizing FDISK, you will demand to utilize the FORMAT bid. To arrange a freshly partitioned thrust, type: FORMAT Ten: Where Ten represents the missive of the thrust that you privation to arrange. If you want to arrange drive C, you need to do this disc a system disc so that your computing machine can get down. To make this, type /s at the terminal of the FORMAT bid. For illustration: FORMAT C: /s System Startup files will be automatically copied after your thrust is formatted. CD-ROM Drivers # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8211 ; The Windows 98 Startup Disk includes a set of generic CD-ROM drivers. These drivers work with most IDE ATAPI and SCSI CD-ROM theoretical accounts. If your peculiar CD-ROM thrust does non work with these drivers, you will necessitate to utilize the drivers that came with your CD-ROM thrust. Following are some known issues about the CD-ROM drivers: 1. CD-ROM thrusts connected to sound cards may non work decently. 2. Early proprietary CD-ROM thrusts ( for illustration, Mitsumi, Panasonic, Sony ) may non work with these drivers. Some older IDE accountants may neglect every bit good. 3. The SCSI drivers on the Startup Disk support most Adaptec, Buslogic, and Mylex arrangers. Some other SCSI CD-ROM thrusts may non work with the drivers on the Startup Disk. 4. If your SCSI accountant is configured for a non-default I/O scope, the drivers may non observe your SCSI card. Consult your SCSI driver certification for the default I/O ranges for your card. 5. Drivers are non included for any PC Card ( PCMCIA ) CD-ROM thrusts. UNINSTAL.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; If you need to take Windows 98 from your system, you can utilize the real-mode uninstall public-service corporation included on the Windows 98 Startup Disk. IMPORTANT: If you did non take the option to # 8220 ; Save System Files # 8221 ; during Setup, so you will be unable to usage this public-service corporation. ***To use the uninstall public-service corporation, execute the followers stairss: 1. Restart your computing machine with the Windows 98 Startup Disk, select option 2, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. At the MS-DOS bid prompt, type UNINSTAL, and so imperativeness ENTER. Note: If you see the message # 8220 ; WINUNDO.DAT is losing or corrupt, # 8221 ; you can non uninstall this version of Windows 98. EXT.EXE # 8212 ; # 8212 ; The EXT bid is used in concurrence with the Extract.exe public-service corporation to do it easier to pull out Windows 98 files to your difficult disc. You can utilize this to replace losing or damaged files. This public-service corporation is highly utile if you are having mistakes during startup about losing files, or executing mistakes such as General Protection Faults or invalid page mistakes. ***To usage Ext.exe to pull out a file, execute the followers stairss: 1. Use the Startup Disk to get down your computing machine. Choose option 1, and so imperativeness ENTER. 2. Make certain the Windows 98 Cadmium is inserted in the thrust. 3. Type EXT at the MS-DOS bid prompt, and so imperativeness ENTER. 4. Follow the prompts to bespeak the location of the Windows 98 Setup files, the files you wish to pull out, and the location in which you want to put the extracted files. Note: If your CD-ROM drive missive is E, so type the location to the Setup files as Tocopherol: WIN98. Note: If you wish to pull out more than one file at a clip, you can utilize wild card characters.

An Overview of Sanctuary Cities

An Overview of Sanctuary Cities While the term has no specific legal definition, a â€Å"sanctuary city† in the United States is a city or county in which undocumented immigrants are protected from deportation or prosecution for violations of U.S. federal immigration laws. In both a legal and practical sense, â€Å"sanctuary city† is a rather vague and informal term. It can, for example, indicate that the city has actually enacted laws that restrict what their police and other employees are allowed to do during encounters with undocumented immigrants. On the other hand, the term has also been applied to cities like Houston, Texas, which calls itself a â€Å"welcoming city† to undocumented immigrants but have no specific laws regarding enforcement of federal immigration laws.   In an example of a states’ rights conflict arising from the U.S. system of federalism, sanctuary cities refuse to use any local funds or police resources to enforce the national government’s immigration laws. Police or other municipal employees in sanctuary cities are not allowed to ask a person about their immigration, naturalization, or citizenship status for any reason. In addition, sanctuary city policies forbid police and other city employees from notifying federal immigration enforcement officers of the presence of undocumented immigrants living in or passing through the community. Due to its limited resources and the scope of the immigration enforcement job, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) must rely on local police to help enforce federal immigration laws. However, federal law does not require local police to locate and detain undocumented immigrants just because ICE requests they do so. Sanctuary city policies and practices may be established by local laws, ordinances or resolutions, or simply by practice or custom. In September 2015, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency estimated that about 300 jurisdictionss of large U.S. cities with sanctuary laws or practices include San Francisco, New York City, Los Angeles, San Diego, Chicago, Houston, Dallas, Boston, Detroit, Seattle, and Miami. U.S. â€Å"sanctuary cities† should not be confused with â€Å"cities of sanctuary† in the United Kingdom and Ireland that apply local policies of welcoming and encouraging the presence of refugees, asylum seekers, and others seeking safety from political or religious persecution in  their countries of origin. Brief History of Sanctuary Cities The concept of sanctuary cities is far from new. The Old Testament’s Book of Numbers speaks of six cities in which persons who had committed murder or manslaughter were allowed to claim asylum. From 600 CE until 1621 C.E., all churches in England were allowed to grant sanctuary to criminals and some cities were designated as criminal and political sanctuaries by Royal charter.   In the United States, cities and counties began adopting immigrant sanctuary policies in the late 1970s. In 1979, the Los Angeles police department adopted an internal policy known as â€Å"Special Order 40,† which stated, Officers shall not initiate police action with the objective of discovering the alien status of a person. Officers shall not arrest nor book persons for violation of title 8, section 1325 of the United States Immigration code (Illegal Entry).† Political and Legislative Actions on Sanctuary Cities As the number of sanctuary cities grew over the next two decades, both the federal and state governments began taking legislative actions to require full enforcement of federal immigration laws.   On September 30, 1996, President Bill Clinton signed the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressing the relationship between the federal government and local governments. The law focuses on illegal immigration reform and includes some of the toughest measures ever taken against illegal immigration. Aspects considered in the law include border enforcement, penalties for alien smuggling and document fraud, deportation and exclusion proceedings, employer sanctions, welfare provisions, and changes to existing refugee and asylum procedures. In addition, the law prohibits cities from banning municipal workers for reporting persons immigration status to federal authorities. A section of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 allows local police agencies to obtain training in the  enforcement of federal immigration laws. However, it fails to provide state and local law enforcement agencies with any general powers for immigration enforcement. Some States Oppose Sanctuary Cities Even in some states housing sanctuary or sanctuary-like cities and counties, legislatures and governors have taken steps to ban them.In May 2009, Georgia’s Governor Sonny Perdue signed state Senate Bill 269, a law prohibiting Georgia cities and counties from adopting sanctuary city policies. In June 2009, Tennessee’s Governor Phil Bredesen signed state Senate Bill 1310 banning local governments from enacting sanctuary city ordinances or policies. In June 2011, Texas Governor Rick Perry called a special session of the state legislature to consider state Senate Bill 9, a proposed law banning sanctuary cities. While public hearings on the bill were held before the Texas Senate’s Transportation and Homeland Security Committee, it was never considered by the full Texas legislature. In January 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott threatened to oust any local officials who promoted sanctuary city laws or policies. â€Å"We are working on laws that will ... ban sanctuary cities [and] remove from office any officer-holder who promotes sanctuary cities,† stated Gov. Abbott. President Trump Takes Action On January 25, 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order titled â€Å"Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States,† which, in part, directed the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to withhold funding in the form of federal grants from sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law. Specifically, Section 8 (a) of the executive order states, â€Å"In furtherance of this policy, the Attorney General and the Secretary, in their discretion and to the extent consistent with law, shall ensure that jurisdictions that willfully refuse to comply with 8 U.S.C. 1373 (sanctuary jurisdictions) are not eligible to receive Federal grants, except as deemed necessary for law enforcement purposes by the Attorney General or the Secretary.† In addition, the order directed the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include â€Å"a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens.† Sanctuary Jurisdictions Dig In Sanctuary jurisdictions wasted no time in reacting to President Trump’s action. In his State of the State address, California’s Governor Jerry Brown vowed to defy President Trump’s action. â€Å"I recognize that under the Constitution, federal law is supreme and that Washington determines immigration policy,† stated Gov. Brown. â€Å"But as a state, we can and have had a role to play †¦ And let me be clear: we will defend everybody - every man, woman, and child - who has come here for a better life and has contributed to the well-being of our state.† Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel has pledged $1 million in city funds to create a legal defense fund for immigrants threatened with prosecution due to President Trump’s order. â€Å"Chicago has in the past been a sanctuary city. ... It always will be a sanctuary city,† said the mayor. On January 27, 2017, Salt Lake City Mayor Ben McAdams stated he would refuse to enforce President Trump’s order. â€Å"There has been fear and uncertainty among our refugee population the last few days,† McAdams said. â€Å"We want to reassure them that we love them and their presence is an important part of our identity. Their presence makes us better, stronger and richer.† In Tragic 2015 Shooting, Sanctuary Cities Stir Debate The tragic July 1, 2015 shooting death of Kate Steinle thrust sanctuary city laws into the center of controversy. While visiting San Francisco’s Pier 14, the 32-year old Steinle was killed by a single bullet fired from a pistol admittedly held at the time by Jose Ines Garcia Zarate, an undocumented immigrant. Garcia Zarate, a citizen of Mexico, had been deported several times and had been convicted for illegal re-entry into the United States. Days before the shooting, he had been released from a San Francisco jail after a minor drug charge against him was dismissed. Although U.S. immigration officials had issued an order that police detain him, Garcia Zarate was released him under San Francisco’s sanctuary city laws. The uproar over sanctuary cities grew on December 1, 2017, when a jury acquitted Garcia Zarate of charges of first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, finding him guilty only of illegally possessing a fire arm. In his trial, Garcia Zarate claimed he had just found the gun and that the shooting of Steinle had been an accident. In acquitting him, the jury found reasonable doubt in Garcia Zarate’s accidental shooting claim, and under the Constitution’s guarantee of â€Å"due process of law,† guarantee, his criminal record, history of prior convictions, and immigration status were not allowed to be presented as evidence against him.   Critics of permissive immigration laws reacted to the case by complaining that sanctuary city laws too often allow dangerous, criminal illegal immigrants to remain on the streets.

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Taxation - Essay Example In such a society, every member has the capacity to identify what is good, and has the right to discuss the concept with others and make necessary changes based on what is considered as the best for the society. Thus, it is clear that Rawlsian liberalism will support some kind of basic structure that is just. In sharp contrast, conservatism as a political philosophy advocates for the retention of the traditional social orders and institutions. Generally, the traditional conservatives oppose modernism and want to return to the traditional systems (Muller 36). A look into the history of Great Britain proves that conservatives like Burke justified aristocracy and the social order in order to preserve tradition, and for such people, community and social harmony were more important than social reforms. Over the years, conservatism took various forms with increased and decreased intensity, like liberal conservatism, conservative liberalism, libertarian conservatism, fiscal conservatism, gr een conservatism, cultural and social conservatism and so on (Muller 3). A look into the history of conservatism in the United States will show that its main characteristics over the years were support for traditional system, anti-communist attitude, demand for low taxes, limited rules and regulations, and a free market. In addition, one can see conservatives do not hesitate to criticize various environmental issues (Schneider, 45). This attitude was clearly exhibited by the stringent opposition to the rising role of government in health care. Thus, one gets an idea that generally, conservatism is against taxation. Liberalism and taxation Liberalism can be described as the political ideology which favors social progress by improvising laws instead of revolution. This social progress will touch all spheres including social, political and economic rights. That means this social philosophy advocates the removal of inequalities in all these spheres. According to Rawls theory of justice, states should possess enough power to take necessary steps to ensure that the poorest in society are as well-off as they can be. Rawls points out in his theory that an unequal distribution of wealth and income is acceptable if those at the bottom of the society are better off than it is possible under any other distribution (Rawls 85). According to liberalism as suggested by Rawls, it is necessary for the members in a society to decide a just social contract. Also, the scholar points out that it is necessary to eliminate the possibility of any morally arbitrary bargaining advantages from influencing the Basic Structure. In order to achieve this end, the scholar points out that all the bargainers in the society need to be kept behind a veil of ignorance (Rawls 113). That means the members are not aware about their natural gifts, social class background, and such other factors. These members would agree to two principles in general; firstly, each person has an equal right to the most extensive liberties, and secondly, social and economic inequalities should be arranged in such a way that the least advantaged gets the greatest benefit (Rawls 143). Thus, the Difference principle as proposed by Rawls is the very basis of the claim that taxation will be welcomed by liberalism. This principle claims that society can initiate such projects which require giving more power to some people in terms of income and status if the initiative meets two criteria. Firstly, it can offer a better life to the worst off by

HI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HI - Essay Example cerning this controversial issue shows that most Americans support the death penalty, although the presence of strong opposition to it should not be ignored. It is also found that some individuals support this form of capital punishment only under certain circumstances. Each group to augment their support or opposition to death penalty usually cites several reasons. This essay aims to discuss some of the most prominent arguments usually put forth either for or against the continued application of death penalty in the countries penal laws. The main argument put forth by supporters of the death penalty is that it is a way of preventing future murders from taking place. The argument is that given that the society generally applies punishments as discouragements to would-be criminals, and that the society is highly concerned with prevention of murder, it is only prudent that the same society uses the most severe means of punishment available to deter murder. Moreover, the death penalty is considered the most efficient way of deterring future murders since people generally have a strong fear for death. In the same vein, it is not only the would-be murderers that are deterred by the death penalty, but the actual murderer is permanently ‘deterred’ from committing any further murders by being executed. Just like a robber is imprisoned to prevent him from robbing on the streets, a murderer should be killed to prevent them from committing the same crimes (Bedau and Cassel, 2004). Another line of argument in support of the death penalty posits that in a just world, taking of a life can only be penalized by a death sentence. This is because murdering somebody creates an imbalance of justice, which can only be restored through a death penalty. This is only in tandem with the religious backing on retribution, which advocates for ‘an eye for an eye’ (Kaufman, 2012). The most prominent reason that is usually cited by those calling for the abolition of the death penalty

The Walt Disney Company and Pixar Inc. Essay Example for Free

The Walt Disney Company and Pixar Inc. Essay To Acquire or Not to Acquire? In November 2005, Robert Iger, the newly appointed CEO of the Walt Disney Company, eagerly awaited the box office results of Chicken Little, the company’s second computer-generated (CG) feature film. He knew that, for Disney as a whole to be successful, he had to get the animation business right, particularly the new CG technology that was rapidly supplanting hand-drawn animation.1 Yet the company had been reliant on a contract with animation studio Pixar, which had produced hits such as Toy Story and Finding Nemo, for most of its recent animated film revenue. And the co-production agreement, brokered during the tenure of his predecessor, Michael Eisner, was set to expire in 2006 after the release of Cars, the fifth movie in the five-picture deal. Unfortunately, contract renewal negotiations between Steve Jobs, CEO of Pixar, and Eisner had broken down in 2004 amid reports of personal conflict. When he assumed his new role, Iger reopened the lines of communication between the companies. In fact, he had just struck a deal with Jobs to sell Disneyowned, ABC-produced television shows—such as â€Å"Desperate Housewives†Ã¢â‚¬â€through Apple’s iTunes Music Store.2 Iger knew that a deal with Pixar was possible; it was just a question of what that deal would look like. Did it make the most sense for Disney to simply buy Pixar? Walt Disney Feature Animation Walt Disney Feature Animation began with the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1934. Toys and memorabilia based on the movie’s characters were stocked in stores such as Woolworth’s around the film’s release, a move that became a trademark of Disney’s strategy. After many early successes, the animation division struggled for decades after Walt Disney’s death but  was rejuvenated with the arrival of Michael Eisner, as well as Jeffrey Katzenberg as chairman of Walt Disney Studios, in 1984. Under them, the studio produced a string of hit films that included The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast, up to the enormous success of 1994’s The Lion King, which alone generated over $1 billion in net income for the company. The Walt Disney Company and Pixar Inc.: To Acquire or Not to Acquire? Eisner believed in making clear who was good at their job, and who was not so good, and wanted to give control to leaders who had a sense of judgment about creativity and business. Seventy-five percent of the time, he was able to find a director who had these skills and wanted to work on a particular movie; the rest of the time directors would be told to â€Å"just do it.†6 Katzenberg, who was known for his grueling work ethic and passion for animation, made it his personal mission to bring the studio back to its former glory. He supervised every aspect of the studio’s films. According to one former Disney executive, â€Å"Jeffrey is the sheep dog and the wolf. He’s the sheep dog guarding us, and the wolf hunting us.†7 Katzenberg was credited with hammering out the storytelling of each film and ensuring that each film had a moral resonance. He also brought on external talent to each movie, such as Elton John, who contributed songs for The Lion King. Recent Box Office Performance After The Lion King in 1994, every Disney-produced animated film fell below expectations (see Exhibit 1). When asked in 1997 about the division’s disappointing performance, Eisner replied, â€Å"I don’t think people quite understand our company. We have many avenues to make money from one of our animated films. The video revenues from one of our films are large, the consumer products huge.† Some of the same features that observers credited for Disney Animations’ success—large staff, large budgets, and lots of time—were also blamed for its demise. Disney Animation had just 275 employees in 1988; about 950 in 1994 for the release of The Lion King; and 2,200 at its peak in 1999.9 Competition for animators in the 1990s also caused salaries, which accounted for 80% of each film’s cost, to balloon, with top animators’ pay rising from $125,000 in 1994 to $550,000 in 1999.10 And these pay increases affected employees across the board. In 1994, Eisner refused to promote Katzenberg to president of the company, prompting his swift departure. The absence of Katzenberg, who was generally considered to be the studio’s creative force, struck many as the cause of the decline. As one commentator noted, â€Å"the company’s once-invincible animation studio has fallen on hard times since studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg left.†11 In 1997, Katzenberg, along with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen, started rival animation studio DreamWorks. According to reports, in the years that followed, DreamWorks attempted to lure away some of Disney’s best animators. Joe Roth, former chairman of 20th Century Fox, became chairman of Walt Disney Studios after Katzenberg’s departure. In charge for six years, he focused the studio’s energy on live action films.13 Peter Schneider, former head of Disney Animation, took over in 2000 after Roth left. Schneider’s goal was to deliver â€Å"emotional, thematic stories.†14 He worked solely with established Disney directors and producers and relied on his younger development staff to broker deals with up-and-coming filmmakers, in contrast to the hands-on deal-making style of his predecessors, Katzenberg and Roth.15 The product development group assigned directors for each animated movie. In the late 1990s, Disney set up a â€Å"Secret Lab† in an old Lockheed plant near Burbank Airport as a response to the growing popularity of three-dimensional (3D) CG films. The group’s first CG project was the costly Dinosaur, which was released in 2000 to a strong opening weekend, but which ultimately disappointed at the box office. The Lab was shuttered in 2001 after Roy Disney viewed and rejected the second project underway, Wildlife, which he thought was packed with adult themes and strayed too far from Disney’s family-friendly brand offering. Disney then focused its animation efforts on traditional two-dimensional (2D) projects  such as 2001’s Atlantis: The Lost Empire.16 In 2002, under new feature-animation chief Thomas Schumacher, Disney embarked on an aggressive cost-cutting mission. Lilo Stitch, the first movie made in the new environment, cost about $80 million to make, versus $150 million for the 1999 Tarzan. Instead of 573 animators crafting 170,000 individual drawings, a crew of 208 rendered 130,000 drawings.17 Cost-cutting efforts took Disney’s animation department from its high to around 1,100 in 2003. At that point, as rival studios, such as News Corp.’s 20th Century Fox, exited the market, salaries slid precipitously. The market rate for the animator who brought home $550,000 in 1994 was half as much by the early 2000s.18 Apart from omitting redundancies, Disney Animation kept costs down by cutting corners where it could, in ways that were imperceptible to audiences. For example, the group eliminated things such as the number of characters seen in each frame or the amount of motion in the background.19 The televisionanimation unit also produced very low-cost films, like The Tigger Movie, which could make money with only $45 million in box office receipts, since the production cost was kept down to $15 million.20 In 2003, Disney Studios finally set up its own CG animation department. However, many staff members needed to be retrained in the new technology, which cost Disney money, heightened tension, and depressed morale within the studio. Disney decided to slow production on its animated films to give the staff more time to work on them and hammer out the story lines. American Dog and Rapunzel Unbraided, the second and third releases after Chicken Little, were both pushed back.21 Throughout this period, Disney came to rely on revenue and characters produced by its partner, Pixar. Between 1998 and 2004, Pixar CG movies contributed a total of more than $3.5 billion to Disney Studio revenues, and more than $1.2 billion to Disney’s operating income (Exhibits 2 and 2a). Pixar’s contribution represented 10% of revenue and over 60% of total operating income over the period. In 2005, Disney even set up a group known as Circle 7 to produce sequels to Pixar movies. The 40-person staff working on Toy Story 3 in March 2005 grew to 160 people during the followi ng year. Movie Economics While box office revenues from the theatrical release were the typical  measure of a movie’s success, financial success actually came from other revenue streams generated by the movie. By 2005, such sources included home video sales (originally on cassette tapes, but increasingly on DVD); payper-view and video-on-demand on cable channels; television showings, whether on free channels, such as NBC and CBS, or on cable channels; merchandise sales including toys, apparel, books, etc.; and video games and other electronic uses of the characters (see Exhibit 3). By 2005, the largest of these revenue sources was not theatrical box office but home video. Because character-related sales had such a long tail, revenue for a hit animated movie would come in over many years—up to decades for classic movies that were re-released theatrically and in home video form. Given the longevity of a great movie, film libraries were valuable assets. DreamWorks’ film library, for example, was about to be sold to Paramount for $900 million.23 Sequels to successful movies were another important source of revenue. The sequels to Toy Story, Shrek, and Ice Age, for example, generated between 30% and 90% more box office revenue than the originals. Once a character had been established, the existence of a built-in audience for subsequent  movies reduced marketing costs. Successful sequels would also extend the life of the original movie, particularly for animated features that appealed to successive generations of young children. Pixar Inc. Pixar was unusual among movie studios in generating a succession of box office hits. Its first five full-length films each grossed over $350 million.24 Steve Jobs said, â€Å"Everybody has tried to break into the animation market since Snow White was released in 1937. So far, only two companies  have ever produced a blockbuster production grossing more than $100 million, Disney and Pixar.†25 Pixar’s animation broke from the traditional model because the company did not use hand drawings but rather 3D computer-generated models. In 2D traditional animation, frames comprised hand-drawn cels, which required the skills of hundreds of people working for two to three years. Traditional animation constricted artists’ flexibility, too—if a change needed to be made to a character or scene, all subsequent frames had to be changed. Three-dimensional CG, on the other hand, used mathematical models to redraw each cel and mimic camera angles in ways that traditional an imation could not. Pixar used its own proprietary computer animation technology to generate incredibly lifelike 3D images and backgrounds, although CG still could not quite make human characters look perfectly realistic. Said Jobs, â€Å"We have 10 years of proprietary software systems that you cannot buy anything close to in the marketplace. You have to build them yourself.†26 Pixar’s technology allowed animators to manipulate hundreds of motion control points within a single character, to reuse animated images, and to edit easily.27 These technologies enabled Pixar to make animated films faster than its competitors and at a fraction of their cost. For example, the company made Toy Story with just 110 staff members, who spent the time saved on animation to focus on story and character development, as well as fine-tuning visual details. History Pixar traced its origins to the University of Utah in the 1970s, where a young Edwin Catmull studied computer science in a program renowned for creating the new field of computer graphics. Around the same time, Alexander Schure, president of New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), hired a team of animators to make a film version of â€Å"Tubby the Tuba,† a children’s record. Frustrated by the limitations of hand-drawn animation, Schure flew to the University of Utah, where he met and recruited Catmull to work at the Institute. Catmull and his hand-picked team spent four years at NYIT, where they made inroads into the field despite never producing the Tubby the Tuba movie. In 1979, George Lucas approached Catmull’s team with an offer to work on special effects for Lucasfilm, producer of the wildly successful Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises. While working there in the early 1980s, Catmull met John Lasseter at a computer graphics conference and the two became friends. Lasseter, a young animator from Disney, had studied at California Institute of the Arts with the likes of Tim Burton. Skilled in art as a young boy, Lasseter read a book on the art of animation and Disney during his freshman year of high school and realized what he wanted to do with his life. After graduation, he joined the ranks at Disney and worked on Mickey’s Christmas Carol. He commented, â€Å"I felt that Disney was, at the time, doing the same old thing. They had reached a certain plateau technically and artistically with, I think, 101 Dalmatians, and then everything had been kind of the same ever since then, with a glimmer of characters or sequences that were special.†30 In 1984, Lasseter went to Lucasfilm’s computer division under Catmull. In 1986, Steve Jobs—who had left Apple Computer the year before—bought the Lucasfilm computer business, then called Pixar, for $10 million.31 Initially, Jobs intended Pixar to be a computer hardware and software company. He spent the next several years subsidizing the company to the tune of nearly $50 million from his personal funds. When the graphics computers did not sell, Jobs cut a third of Pixar’s staff in 1991 and left only the animation division.32 Jobs said, â€Å"If I knew in 1986 how much it was going to cost to keep Pixar going, I doubt if I would have bought the company. The problem was, for many years the cost of the computers required to make animation we could sell was tremendously high. Only in the past few years has the price come down to the point that it makes business sense† (see Exhibits 4 and 4a).33 Software Pixar initially developed three proprietary technologies: RenderMan, Marionette, and Ringmaster. In 1989, the company released RenderMan, a software system that applied texture and color to 3-D objects and was used for visual effects. Pixar used RenderMan itself and sold it to Disney, Lucasfilm, Sony, and DreamWorks, which used it to create effects like the dinosaurs in Jurassic Park. The program served as Pixar’s main source of revenue during the company’s early years. As of 2005, it had developed special effects for 100 films, and 44 of the last 47 movies that won the Oscar in visual effects had used RenderMan. In 2001, Catmull, along with two other Pixar scientists, won an Oscar for RenderMan and its advancements to the field of motion picture rendering. Marionette, the primary software tool for Pixar animators, was designed specifically for character animation and articulation, compared with other animation software that was designed to address product design and special effects. Ringmaster was a production management system used to track internal projects and served as the overarching system to coordinate and sequence the animation, tracking the vast amount of data employed in a three-dimensional animated film.

Intelligent Design and Intelligent Way of Disguising Religion Essay

Could Adam and Eve have been apes? Evolutionists say humans evolved from apes, but many religious people cannot swallow the thought. For years, religious people have voiced their unhappiness with schools teaching evolution. In Genesis, it states that God put all plants, animals, and people on this planet, and evolution contradicts that. Creationists are in accordance with scripture and believe that this biblical idea should be presented in science classes. The idea of including creationism in schools has been heard in courts multiple times but with no success. Now, the creationists have a new way of presenting it. They disguise it behind science and use the term Intelligent Design. Intelligent Design is creationism with a new name and is the attempt of many to incorporate religion into school systems and science education; it has no legitimacy as a true scientific theory, because at its core, it is not science. Intelligent Design poses a real threat to the education of our nation. At least twelve different states have brought up the idea of Intelligent Design or creationism in state courts (â€Å"Intelligent Design in Politics†). One of the most important court cases occurred in the county in which I live, so for me, Intelligent Design hits close to home. The case occurred in 2005 and was called Selman v Cobb County school district. It dealt with the issue of stickers being placed in textbooks that stated, â€Å"This textbook contains material on evolution. Evolution is a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things. This material should be approached with an open mind, studied carefully, and critically considered† (Matsumura). Although I was taught evolution after the case had been settled and the county was forced to remove... ...Prod. Vanessa Tovell. PBS. 13 Nov. 2007. Television. Transcript. Reuland, Steve. "Intelligent Design vs. Creationism." The Panda's Thumb. 9 Nov. 2005. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. . West, John G. "Intelligent Design Research Lab Highlighted in New Scientist." Evolution News & Views. Discovery Institute, 19 Dec. 2006. Web. 16 Nov. 2011. evolutionnews.org/2006/12/intelligent_design_research_la002983.html>. Zimmerman, Michael. "Detailed Record Combating the Fifth Wave of Creationism: Religious Leaders and Scientists Working Together." EBSCO Host. EBSCO Industries, May 2010. Web. 15 Nov. 2011. sid=37d09244-f711-4029-a3b8-92642f2becaa%40sessionmgr110&vid=5&hid= 106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=50287974>.

Baseline Magazine

Baselinemag. com is a site which has been put in place to ideally serve as a guide on various aspects of technology. That is, it manages and disseminates critical information on technology. This information is usually in form of news stories, research studies, financial tools and company dossiers.As such, the site is structured in a formal format which can allow users of the site to gather all the information they need, perform analysis and make decisions on how to utilize the information in advancing their individual IT companies.Considering that the site is targeted at IT executives, the sites sub topics include a range of IT subjects such as IT management, techdirect, projects and white papers (Baseline, 2010). Furthermore, the subtopics which fall under these categories can be observed throughout the site making it easy for site users to access the exact information they are looking for immediately the site uploads. Basically, the site is structured in such a way that one uses li mited time trying to access data, a notion which appeals to the targeted audience.Overall Look and Feel Baselinemag. com targets technology and business leaders who are constantly on the lookout for cutting edge information on technology and on effective ways of managing their companies. As such, the site displays IT systems which have been implemented by other companies, how they have been implemented and the results emanating from them. This sort of information enlightens the users who measure their own success or failures against the expected results.By knowing how the most successful companies utilize IT solutions, companies are able to restructure their systems and alter their management strategies into fitting those of a winning company. All this information is spread out over a white colored background, with topics and subtopics highlighted by orange, brown and blue colors. These colors create a serene environment, depicting calmness which allows the user to fully concentrate on the information without any interruptions. The number of images is limited in the site and this gives the information greater significance.However, the site may not appeal to them as there are no catchy images. Useful Features The feature I found most useful was the stories posted on how to get promoted and on finding jobs online. These stories had no forms of jargon and have been written in a simple language to appeal to ordinary individuals seeking to advance in their careers. Majority of users are employees who are looking to get ahead in their careers, this feature can offer crucial information to ensure that they achieve this. Interesting Features Links visited included www.diskeeper. com, www. insight. com and www. smarttechnology. com. The link sponsored by smart technology was rather interesting as it carried the article on â€Å"the techie’s guide to fitness. † It offered a convenient and easy way of monitoring one’s fitness goals even while working . The gadget can indeed send significant details on one’s fitness directly to their phones or computer. Furthermore, Bottom-line Evaluation and Relation to Learning Objectives Basically, this site is of great value to business leaders and IT executives.However, its values decline in regards to ordinary people due to the irrelevance of the topic and subtopics found on the site. As pointed out earlier, only one or two features are relevant to an ordinary individual. According to Lagace (2000), value is depicted by a customer when the service delivery is effective. As such, the satisfaction of business leaders and executives is what can ideally rate this site while those stumbling on it can only speculate or even find it insignificant.Hoffman (1996) illustrates that past experiences can be advantageous when one is venturing into their own business. As such baselinemag. com offers even better options of evaluating other company’s experiences and learning from them. Bayan ( 2003) contends that there are tools which are quite useful while setting up an effective help desk and in the life of a company executive or business leader, baselinemag. com is one such tool. References Baselinemag. com. (2010). ZiffDavies, Inc. Retrieved on 23rd July 2010, from: www. baselinemag. com Bayan, R. (2004).Try these efficiency strategies when setting up a successful help desk. TechRepublic. Retrieved 23rd July 2010, from http://articles. techrepublic. com. com/5100-10878_11-5112468. html Hoffman, R. (1996). Help is Only a Phone Call Away! How to get good service. The Real World. Retrieved 23rd July 2010, from http://www. animatedsoftware. com/misc/stories/jobs/dbmscntr. htm Lagace, M. (2000). Calling all Managers: How to Build a Better Call Center. Harvard Business School: Working Knowledge. Retrieved on 23rd July 2010, from: http://hbswk. hbs. edu/item/1238. html